Tick Safety and Precautions
April 1st, 2012
Female Black-legged Tick (Deer tick)
The arrival of warm temperatures already here in the northeast is a welcome event to many, including ticks. Don’t let fear hamper your outdoor excursions however. Just go outside prepared to prevent a tick encounter, and aware of what to do if you and a tick should meet.
Ticks are not insects. They are arachnids, along with spider and scorpions. They are dormant during the winter and become active and start looking for their first blood meal when the temperatures rise significantly above freezing. This spring’s premature temperature increase has stimulated early activity.
Female Deer Tick on my leg
The black-legged tick, also known as the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), is the transmitter of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. Mouse tick may be a better name, as the white-footed mouse, and a few other small rodents, are the reservoir for the bacterium. A tick becomes infected after feeding on a mouse harboring the spirochete bacterium. A tick is infected with the bacterium usually during its larval stage or nymphal stage.
White-tailed deer are not transmitters of the disease, but are the preferred host of the adult female black-legged tick. Tick populations mirror deer populations – more deer; more ticks.
Tick mouthparts
Ticks are transmitters of several other diseases. Check out the Center for Disease Control to paint the happy picture for you. Here I want to concentrate on prevention.
Male Deer Tick and pinhead
Here’s what to do to avoid tick bites:
*Wear insect repellent. DEET is the ingredient to look for. It can treat skin and clothing. Pay particular attention to legs and socks. Be aware that it may not prevent a tick from walking over treated areas to find an untreated area of the body.
*Treat clothing with Permethrin. It is an insecticide, not a repellent, and is very effective in protection from both ticks and mosquitoes. It is for your clothing, not skin.
*Stay in the middle of trails. Don’t bushwhack or brush up against overhanging branches. A stick used to shake branches ahead of you might help. It can shake off ticks waiting to drop.
*Tuck your pants into your socks. This will prevent ticks from getting under your clothes. You may not be a fashion-ista, but you could wear fun socks and make a statement.
*Light colored clothing helps you spot ticks easily. A hat is a good idea too.
*After your hike, do a tick check. If you feel a little tickle, check it out. This is how I find ticks on me, but you may not necessarily feel them. Have a buddy check places you cannot see. Pay particular attention to…
joints: behind the knee, crook of the elbow, in the armpit
where clothing constricts: waistband, collar, etc.
hidden spots – hairline, behind ears, bellybutton
removing a tick
Here’s how to remove a tick that has attached:
*Have a fine-tipped tweezers on hand for proper removal of an imbedded tick. Hair-plucking tweezers are not narrow enough for the job.
*Grasp the tick’s embedded head end, as close to the skin as you can. Be sure not to grasp the body, which will cause the tick to regurgitate some unsavory fluid – and perhaps bacteria – back into you.
*Pull straight out without twisting or jerking. You want to get the whole tick, mouthparts and all.
You can also make your yard a veritable tick-free zone. Establish a boundary between the play area and tick-zone with a 2 foot mulch or stone boundary. Also, keep your yard free of brush piles or places where mice might like to live and keep deer from visiting by not providing food sources. Visit here for more specific ideas on tick-proofing your yard.
Just get into a different routine before going outside on your hike and don’t let these little buggers spoil your fun. There are too many flowers to see and too many birds to hear this spring.
White Nose Syndrome – Can Bats Survive?
March 16th, 2012This might be one of the most cataclysmic die-offs in recent history. It is happening now as we speak. Bats populations are plummeting. We are losing our hibernating bats in alarming numbers.
Little brown bat with white nose syndrome
Just 6 years ago, in a cave in New York State, biologists discovered bats infected with a fungal disease previously unknown to this area. Because of the most obvious symptom, researchers dubbed it “White Nose Syndrome”. Since then, the population of Little Brown Bats has declined by 91%. Tri-colored bats by 90% and the already federally endangered Indiana bat population is down 70%. The worst hit is the Northern myotis, with 98% mortality. Big Brown bats have declined by – dare I say – only 41%, which is still alarming, but relatively speaking, the Big Brown is faring better than most.
Is this the point where you say, “Who cares – I don’t even like bats”? After all, they are Halloween scary, weird looking, and active at night when us humans are vision-handicapped. I don’t feel compelled to convince you that bats are likable, although I like them a lot. Whether humans approve of them or not, bats exist, and therefore must be an intrinsic member of the interrelated biota of earth.
Philosophical bent aside, bats are voracious consumers of mosquitoes and other flying insects. The 9 species of bats here in the eastern US are primarily insectivorous and can eat ½ to their full body weight in insects in a typical hunting night. In other parts of the world, bats are indispensable to the life cycle of plants by pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds. The economy of many tropical nations depends on them. If you eat bananas, avocados, breadfruit, peaches, dates, figs, mangoes, or guava, then you are beholding to bats. Saguaro cactus in the Southwestern US couldn’t do without their bat pollinators.
Red bats are tree roosters
Happily, our migrating bats, Eastern red, Silver-haired and the Hoary, do not seem susceptible. The disease pathogen, Geomyces destructans, is a cold-loving rascal, thriving between temperatures of 41 and 57°F (5-14 °C). Hibernating bats are vulnerable because in order to save energy during the winter, their body temperature drops within this range. Plus, they hibernate in large colonies, passing white nose syndrome to one another like we would a common cold. Migrating bats don’t spend time in a hibernaculum with lowered body temperature and are therefore, not prone to infection.
Interestingly, G. destructans is found on European bats, but it is not fatal. Perhaps due to centuries of exposure there, bats have evolved a natural defense, which our bats don’t possess. Biologists theorize this new disease was brought over to the US on the clothes of a caver who inadvertently transported spores from a European cave to a cave in New York. The best hope for a remedy is that our bat populations too will develop immunity.
Keep in mind this is all very recent research. These findings come from the US Fish and Wildlife Service and New York’s Department of Environmental Conservation who are actively studying causes and ramifications. What is discovered next may alter what I’ve written here, or hopefully add to the limited knowledge base of this scourge on bats.
So, keep your eyes peeled toward the sky this spring. The migrants should be arriving back soon, and hopefully, our hibernators will emerge. Try to take note – are there as many bats as you’ve seen in years past? Are there as many mosquitoes as you’ve seen in years past? There just might be a correlation.
Mole Crabs in the Wash Zone
June 14th, 2011
Wash Zone where mole crabs can be seen
I remember when I first “met” them. I was on the beach at Cape Cod with my family when I was 8 or 10. Chasing the waves, the waves chasing us, and digging in the sand, ah, the beach as a youngster. I picked up a scoopful of sand in my two cupped hands, then, “Ahhhhhhhhhhhh” accompanied by a frenzied dance flinging the sand hither and yon.
“What’s the matter?” my dad asked, as he and my older brother came to my rescue.
“There’s something in there,” I managed to eek out, “in the sand. It scritched me.”
Well, that got my brother on the case right away and he scooped up sand of his own. “There’s nothing in here. What a girly-girl you are.”
“There is too! That sand,” I said, indicating the place where waves were washing in and receding.
He scooped up sand from the wash zone, and boy did he jump too. I don’t think he emitted the girly shriek that I did, but he was startled nonetheless. Very satisfying for a little sister to see. I don’t remember if it was he or Dad that finally held onto a handful of sand with “scritchy somethings” in it, but we finally revealed the culprit.
In his hand was a little mole crab that was digging down, down, down into the sand as it does after a receding wave. Only thing was, it hit a hand instead, and boy did that tickle. Now that we knew, it was fun to catch them.
Mole crab at Cape Cod
Now, some 40 years later, walking barefoot along the wash zone on Cape Cod near Falmouth, Massachusetts, I experience them again. No screaming this time. I catch a glimpse of hundreds of them scoot ocean-ward in each receding wave before disappearing into the sand. This time the naturalist in me wants to examine these curious little creatures and learn a bit more about them. I scoop up a handful of sand and present it to my husband. “Wanna see a mole crab?”
I dig down into my handful of sand, snatch it out and rinse it off in the next wave. “Wow, that’s cool,” my husband said. I’m not sure if he remarked about my magic trick of pulling a crab out of a handful of sand or the little creature itself.
My "scritchy" friend, the mole crab
The thing is about an inch long, and is oval and domed; a light gray color, very much like the sand it lives in, making it wonderfully camouflaged. We see the feathery antennae the mole crab uses to catch plankton and small detritus the waves bring. Its appendages get tucked in neatly to make it quite hydrodynamic. Good thing, as the tide recedes, it has to go along too, so it scoots or gets rolled by an outgoing wave and quickly buries itself before the wave disappears so it is not dinner to a shorebird. It can bury itself completely in about a second and a half, hind end first.
These mole crabs I met are Emerita talpoida the mole crab found on the Eastern US coast. The west coast has Emerita analoga, the Gulf Coast Emerita benedicti and other coasts around the world have different species, but all belong to the genus Emerita.
So, on your next trip to the shoreline, dig in, and don’t scream. The small crabs are not only fun to experience but remarkable in that they live in such a small and harsh habitat as the wash zone.
Plants for Hummingbird, Native Bee, and Butterfly Gardens
May 12th, 2011Here are a few specifics for doing your part for planting a pollinator-friendly garden.
*Use native plants. Research has indicated that native flowers are four times more attractive to native
bees than non-native flowers.
*Include many different flower shapes and colors.
*Bees are most attracted to blue, purple, violet, white and yellow.
*Butterflies are attracted to flowers with a wide, landing area.
*Hummingbirds need plenty of nectar, which tubular flowers have tucked back in their corolla. They are attracted to red flowers.
*Plant flowers in groups – at least 4 feet in diameter is a good rule to go by.
*Be sure there is something flowering all throughout the growing season.
*Have nectar-rich flowers. Some flowers have been bred to be just showy, with no nectar. Avoid
double-petaled and nectar-less flowers.
A list of plants that attract:
Native Bees:
Pollen-covered bee; Photo thanks to Tom Sullivan of Pollinators Welcome
* Aster
* Black-eyed Susan
* Currant
* Elder
* Goldenrod
* Huckleberry
* Joe-pye weed
* Lupine
* Penstemon
* Purple coneflower
* Rhododendron
* Sage
* Snowberry
* Stonecrop
* Sunflower
* Willow
Female Ruby-throated hummingbird at Thistle
Hummingbirds:
* Red Columbine
* Trumpet Vine
* Orange Spotted Jewelweed
* Canada Lily
* Cardinal Flower
* Trumpet Honeysuckle
* Mountain Rosebay
* Bee Balm
* Indian Pink
* Salvia
Butterflies:
Monarch Butterfly on Common Milkweed; photo by Ann & Rob Simpson
* Coreopsis
* Coneflowers
* Phlox (many varieties)
* Bee Balm
* Sedums
* Liatris
* Butterfly Weed
* Yarrow
* Queen Anne’s Lace
* Cosmos
* Lantana
* Nasturtium
* Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia)
* Zinnia
* Verbena Bonariensis
* Beauty Bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis)
* Butterfly Bush
* Privet
* Lilac
* Blueberry bushes
* Bronze Fennel
* Nettles
* Thistle
* Milkweed
* Chives
* Pussytoes
* Daisy
* Violet
* Daisy fleabane
* Common Valerian
* Hawkweed
* Cinquefoil
* Black-eyed Susan
* Joe-pye Weed
* Clovers
Spring is Blooming Earlier These Days
April 1st, 2011
Spring beauty
Is posies the
Where wonder I
Ris’ has grass the
Sprung has spring
This is the only poem I can recite backwards and forwards. (Hint, now read it backwards.) Gotta love spring. Flowers blooming, birds singing, grass greening, buds bursting, all that. There’s a lot that happens this time of year. It happened last year too, and the year before that. Actually, spring has sprung for a very long time now.
Have you ever wondered if those chickadees are nesting the same time this year as they did 2 years ago? Is the skunk cabbage pushing its way up through the snow the same time it did 10 years ago? Is that sugar maple flowering this year near the calendar date it did 40 years ago? Naturalists like myself ask these curious questions as do scientists studying global warming trends. This study of periodic happenings, especially as they occur in nature is called phenology.
I’ve spearheaded my Naturalists’ Club in a phenology study for the past 10 years. Henry David Thoreau, in his meticulous note-taking way, documented springtime occurrences 150 years ago. Some British naturalists have listed occurrences much longer ago than that. When we note the blooming times for specific flower species this year, and compare it to when it flowered many years earlier, that’s where the intrigue begins.
Folks at Boston University did exactly that. They compared their flower blooming times from 2004-2006 to that of Henry David Thoreau’s from 1852-1858. Location, elevation, plants studied all being the same, these BU folks learned some pretty telling things:
• The mean annual temperature rose 4°F (2.4°C) over this 150 year span.
Yellow wood sorrel, Wikipedia commons
• Events like bird migration, amphibian mating, and flowering times are occurring earlier now than in the past.
• Every plant studied blooms earlier now than in HD’s time, some a full week earlier.
• Highbush blueberry now blooms 21 days earlier.
• Yellow wood sorrel blooms 32 days earlier.
• Some species’ blooming cycles are changing rapidly while others are not.
Even in my club’s meager 10 years of collecting phenology, from 2001 – 20010, I saw a trend toward earlier blooming for many plants, including:
• Wild Blue Phlox
• Bluets
• Spicebush
• Epimedium
• Foam flower
• forget-me-nots
I’m not going to get all scientific on you, but hey, things are happening and nature is responding. Even us gardeners and wildflower lovers can see it. Is spring sprouting earlier these days where you are too? Get in on the action and take notice. Start a phenology of your own. A simple chart of:
*Date
*Location
*Observation
is all you really need to get going.
The longer you keep track, the more valuable the information becomes. Plus, it gets you outside and noticing the beauty of spring. You can’t go wrong. In addition, you can add your data to that of many others on the National Phenology Network online. Visit here to learn more.
Happy Spring.
Eye to Eye
March 3rd, 2011Look deep into my eyes. What do you see? My inner soul? True feelings? Hang on. I’m not that romantic. Let me share with you the non-existential angle of eye gazing.
lacewing; photo by Sonya Vickers
My friend was curious about looking closely at the compound eye of a lacewing. She slowed him down by putting the dish he was in on a bed of snow. With the aid of a handheld digital microscope she could get a pretty close look.
lacewing compound eyes; photo by Sonya Vickers
A compound eye is made of of a lot – could be thousands – of individual light sensors called ommatidia. Each one, arranged on a spherical surface points in a slightly different direction, catching light from that specific angle. The resulting image is a mosaic of light and dark spots. Much like pixilation, the more ommatidia, the better resolution of the image. Grasshoppers have comparatively few ommatidia, and their images are coarser grained as compared to a honeybee or dragonfly. But, because a moving image is caught by many ommatidia in a sequence, a compound eye is great at detecting motion over a wide field of view. Some insects, like the honeybee have visual cells in the ommatidia that can detect certain colors. Bees and butterflies among others can see ultraviolet light too. These abilities help them identify nectar-rich flowers for nutrition.
compound eye of a lacewing; photo by Sonya Vickers
Anyway, my friend and I were just fascinated with the reflective/refractive properties of our lacewing’s eyes. A regular rainbow of color. I hope you like gazing into his eye.
The Wonder of a Snowflake
February 10th, 2011
Stellar snowflake by Kenneth Libbrecht; photo thanks to Smithsonian Photography Initiative
I have plenty of good company this winter when I say I have mountains of snow outside my house. Literally, mountains! It has been difficult to go or do anything without considering the snow. My love/hate relationship is determined on whether I’m going snowshoeing or driving. In any case, I sat down and got to know snow intimately.
Why are snowflakes all 6-sided?
The molecular structure of any mineral dictates its crystalline form. Snowflakes are made of water vapor, H2O, where two hydrogen atoms are bonded to an oxygen atom. Under the right conditions, these water vapor molecules bond together, aligning themselves into hexagonal groupings upon which more water vapor builds.
How are snowflakes formed?
“No two are exactly alike.” Have you heard that saying about snowflakes? Snowflakes form in a cloud, an environment of water vapor. There are varying conditions of humidity and temperatures and air currents and even dirt and dusts particles throughout the cloud. The hexagonal plate that every snowflake starts out as, tumbles through the cloud, attracting more water vapor that adds to each of the 6 arms or perhaps melting a bit before growing again. Since each snowflake encounters slightly different conditions in the cloud, vapor crystallization varies for each one, making it improbable that any two would be identical.
Why isn’t all snow in the form of flakes?
Temperature has everything to do with the form snow takes. Really cold temperatures produce intricately branched flakes, a condition found typically in very high clouds. Under warmer conditions, snowflakes grow more slowly and have a smoother, less branched look. Mid and low level clouds therefore produce 6-sided needles and flat hexagons and other shapes. Of course if snow melts and becomes rain as it descends to earth, we could have something completely different. Sleet is frozen rain that falls as icy pellets. Freezing rain is supercooled water droplets that forms ice upon impact. Graupel is light, fragile snowy pellets formed when supercooled water droplets condense onto snowflakes.
So, the next time it snows, don’t dismay. Take a minute to closely examine the intricately formed flake on the sleeve of your jacket. That snowflake has gone through a lot to get to you.
Lingering Leaves – Marcescent Foliage
January 21st, 2011
Winter wonderland
The white blanket muffles distant sounds. Serenity embraces me. This new 19 inches of snow creates a winter wonderland that I love to be a part of.
Dollops of snow on a young Eastern Hemlock
Eastern hemlock, white pine, mountain laurel and rhododendron sporting dollops of snow on evergreen leaves make for a white, green and brown landscape. But wait, there’s splashes of orange here. Not all deciduous trees stand stark naked. There are misfits about. Orange leaves still cling to branches of young beech. What’s with this?
Marcescent beech in forest
I crumple a handful of lifeless American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) leaves, but they don’t crumble into pieces. They are dry, yet springy. This is one reason why resourceful early settlers collected these leaves and stuffed their mattresses with them. I can see how they would be so much better than straw that would compress.
Marcescent oak tree
This retaining of dead leaves or other plant parts, is called marcescence. I’ve found it on oaks (Quercus) and witch hazel (Hamamelis) too. Why would a tree hang onto its leaves all through the winter? A couple theories are bantered about.
Witch hazel
It’s primarily the young trees that clutch determinedly to their dead photosynthetic factories. They are the ones whose branches are within reach of browsing deer and moose. These large herbivores are seeking succulent buds and twigs for nourishment in the winter. The dry parchment-like, leaves perhaps act as unpalatable deterrents and help the young trees retain their branches.
Perhaps too, water retention or temperature control may play a part. Evolutionarily speaking, perhaps the beech and oaks have not yet mastered being deciduous yet. Maybe these youngsters retain some fragment of a time when losing leaves for the dry part of the year had not yet become a necessity, and it is advantageous for them to retain leaves when young.
Marcescent beech leaves
Fact is, nobody really knows the reason for marcescence. We do know how it occurs. The abscission layer, separating a leaf and its twig, is formed in autumn. This shuts the leaf off from its supplies, causing it to drop. The abscission layer is not fully formed with marcescent leaves. Why, isn’t known. I just know it is nice to have a mystery afoot to keep curiosity alive on a winter hike through the woods.
Winter Birdwatching Fun
December 14th, 2010Watching birds in the winter can be an unending source of entertainment. There are so many insights you can gain by simply observing with a sense of curiosity. Try these birding activities and you’ll be hooked.
black capped chickadee at feeder, courtesy harpercollege.edu
What’s the pecking order?
Black-capped chickadees are common visitors to northern bird feeders. In the winter, they form loose flocks of 4 to12 individuals and cover a territory of 24 acres or more. This winter flock has a distinct social order.
Try this:
Try to determine who has more social standing. If a chickadee is at the feeder and another arrives, what happens? Does the newcomer alight nearby and move in only after the first has departed? The newcomer has less social standing in this case. Or does the newcomer swoop in and displace the other at the feeder? This newcomer is ranked higher in the social order of the flock.
Red-breasted nuthatch hiding seed in red oak bark
Where did it Go?
Chickadees, nuthatches and titmice all cache seeds under bark or in lichen for later retrieval.
Try this:
Watch a bird after it has picked a seed from your feeder. Does it eat the seed right away? Does it take the seed and cache it somewhere? How many hiding places can you identify? What kinds of trees to they tuck the seeds into?
White-breasted Nuthatch at feeder, courtesy Wikipedia
Male or Female?
White-breasted nuthatches join foraging flocks of chickadees and titmice in winter as they can watch out for predators and find food more effectively together. Nuthatches get their name from their habit of taking acorns and other seeds and wedging them into tree bark crevices to hold them while they hammer or “hatch” the nutmeat out. They also store seeds under bark for later consumption.
Try this:
If a white-breasted nuthatch moves in on another that is feeding, does the first move away or stand its ground? If it moves away, chances are it is a female, as males tend to displace them at feeding stations.
Train Birds to Come to You
Black capped Chickadee, courtesy Stephen Switzer, www.fasttrackphoto.com
Do you have a leftover scarecrow from Halloween? If you have some straw and some old clothes, it may be worth your while to make one. Perhaps just laying a mitten on the railing will do. Experiment with “your” birds.
Try this:
Take the scarecrow and set it on a chair or bench by your feeder with sunflower seeds, or pieces of nutmeat from peanuts, walnuts, cashews or pecans in its mitten or on the hat. After a few days, curious (and hungry) titmice and chickadees will soon get used to it and come pick the food right off. When the birds have no fear of the stranger anymore and realize it is a ready source of food, remove the scarecrow and replace it with yourself. Put the shirt, hat and mittens on and sit quietly with food in your hand right where the scarecrow sat. Soon, birds will be coming over to eat from your hand.
Naturalists' Club members scouting for birds
Audubon Society’s Christmas Bird Count
For a more intense winter bird activity, get involved in the Christmas Bird Count. This bird census organized by the Audubon Society helps us keep track of bird populations and therefore influence conservation efforts. For some spirited competition grab your binoculars, bird guides, and fellow birders, leave the comfort of your home and chock up as many birds as you can within a 15-mile radius in a 24-hour period. Dates are from December 14th through January 5th, so the census period has already begun. Go here http://birds.audubon.org/christmas-bird-count for more information.
Make up your own winter birding activities and let me know your winter bird games. There is so much fun to be had right outside that window.
Sources:
AllAboutBirds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Audubon Society
NaturePods Makes the Best Digital Trail Guides Even Better
December 8th, 2010Do internet searches frustrate you? The first-ranked result just doesn’t give you enough of what you want. Your second choice isn’t as in-depth as what you were hoping for. The next possibility gets you the same information and more advertising. Back and forth you go, to no avail. The real meat of your question eludes you.
NaturePods has been offering a solution to the dilemma of in-depth nature-based information for two years. Today we announce a new partnership that provides this tremendous benefit to hikers.
NaturePods has teamed up with EveryTrail to offer detailed stories and insights for hiking trails across the nation. EveryTrail provides apps for your iPhone or Android of trail descriptions across the globe. Hikes include digital maps, photos of scenes and waypoints, descriptions of the trail, and now, NaturePods is one of the first to also provide audio and video guides. Not only can these guides help you plan hikes to places you’ve never been, but you can also contribute and share your hikes through EveryTrail.
A NaturePod EveryTrail Guide combines that digital map with a selection of our videos. As you hike with your phone by your side, your phone will notify you as you approach specific waypoints. A quick push of a button, and you’re listening to expert insight on the scene before you.
NaturePods has already produced 4 guides for EveryTrail.
Precipice trail
The Precipice Trail in Acadia National Park:
To understand the geology and get the most out of your views, download this challenging signature hike. Perhaps you might even catch a glimpse of a peregrine falcon. Your NaturePods EveryTrail Guide will give you the background story of how the National Park Service has brought this magnificent bird back from the brink of extinction.
Dark Hollow Falls in Shenandoah National Park and Skyline Drive:
Dark Hollow Falls
This hike will take you to one of President Thomas Jefferson’s favorite places. Along the way learn about the efforts of the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) in developing the park by building roads, trails, and planting thousands of trees. You will be delighted to learn the reason for Mountain Laurel’s complicated flower structure when you see these blossoms by the millions in summer. Winding your way off the ridge, you will become enchanted by this dynamic forest and its residents, from endangered salamanders to black bears.
Pictographs along Bright Angel Trail
Bright Angel Trail in Grand Canyon National Park
Download this guide to explore the depth of the canyon. As one of NaturePod’s satisfied customers once told us, “your guides can make you an instant expert.” Along this scenic and challenging trail, you’ll stop to explore the wildlife of the canyon and the history of some its most wild pioneers.
Rich Mountain Loop Trail in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
John Oliver homeplace
Check out this guide for a hike in Cades Cove. You’ll enjoy videos covering geology, human history, and the ever-popular black bears of Cades Cove, allowing you to experience the Cove as it is today and as it once was.
As a co-author to the Hiking Trails of the Smokies, and an avid hiker, I know the importance of a good map, trail profile, and accurate description. EveryTrail offers all this plus interpretation and actual trail photos in the convenience of your own pocket device. A paper trail guide would never be able to include all these features and still be portable.
EveryTrail offers these NaturePod Trail Guides for just $1.99 each; a small price for the expertise to enrich your hiking experience. Why not get a few for the hiker on your holiday list? Watch for more guides here.